Six countries would face losses above €10 billion: Germany, France, Italy, Spain, Poland and the Netherlands. Germany would bear the heaviest burden at €170.8 billion — reflecting the sheer scale of its industrial base and its deep integration with Chinese supply chains across manufacturing, telecoms and energy. France would follow at €46.3 billion, then Italy at €36.5 billion, Spain at €25.7 billion, Poland at €21.3 billion and the Netherlands at €20.1 billion, according to the report.

　　In addition, the report notes that there is no substantiated evidence to date of a "technical backdoor" or violation of EU cybersecurity rules by Chinese companies operating in the EU.

　　Over the past decades, China and the EU have developed extensive industrial linkages in green transition, digital infrastructure, intelligent manufacturing and energy efficiency. These linkages have contributed to the EU"s goals of economic competitiveness, digital transformation and the green transition, the report says.

　　The report calls on EU institutions to return to technological neutrality, evidence-based regulation, proportionality and non-discrimination. "We firmly oppose a one-size-fits-all, mandatory exclusion policy. Rational dialogue, not security-driven decoupling, should guide cooperation between China and the EU in key industries," Liu Jiandong, Chairman of CCCEU, was quoted as saying in the report.

　　"The proposed revision of the CSA2 forms part of the EU"s moves to politicize its economic and trade issues with China. However, these measures will not only cause economic and technological harm to EU itself, but will also negatively affect and disrupt the atmosphere of mutually beneficial and win-win cooperation between China and Europe," Cui Hongjian, professor at the Academy of Regional and Global Governance at Beijing Foreign Studies University, told the Global Times on Wednesday.