Moreover, the two countries" cooperation in third markets is significant, covering regions from South America to Middle East. In Guyana"s Stabroek block, ExxonMobil, Hess Corp, and Chinese energy major CNOOC have made a series of major deepwater oil discoveries, with daily output reaching about 650,000 barrels per day and expected to exceed 1.3 million barrels per day by the end of 2027. Such cases demonstrate strong commercial ties and rational cooperation that transcend short-term political volatility.

　　As the global energy transition deepens, dependence on critical minerals such as copper, lithium and cobalt is pushing countries worldwide to deepen their cooperation.

　　Jin Lei, a professor at China University of Petroleum, told the Global Times on Friday that China is transforming from a pure resource buyer into a core participant in the supply chain. Leveraging its strong smelting and processing capabilities for rare earths and other resources, as well as its advantages across the downstream industrial chain, China is not only involved in overseas mining investment and development but also helps resource-rich countries extend their local value chains through technology exports and infrastructure construction, thereby strengthening the resilience and stability of global critical mineral supply chains.

　　Cross-border pipeline

　　While the tension around the Strait of Hormuz continues, another cross-border energy artery - the China-Central Asia natural gas pipeline - has operated safely for 17 years.

　　Launched in December 2009, it binds four countries (China, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Kazakhstan) on a single platform. Its pipeline operation coordination committee, with a permanent secretariat, meets every six months to align data, scheduling, and issue resolution - a compelling example of multilateral energy governance.